Depends on your charter, your ordinance, and whether this is a new purchase or an option under a contract you already competed. We'll tell you what the record shows — not that you're exposed, to make a sale.

Yes, it's a normal part of the work. Vendors quote one bundled number; a council packet needs the parts. We get licenses, implementation, training, support and warranty separated out.

Usually integration with systems you already run, migrating your data, and training past the included hours — all priced late, once you're committed. We ask for them in writing up front, and name implementation as the vendor's scope in the agreement.

The software price was competed once, by someone else. Implementation, support and escalation usually weren't, and that's where a lot of variation sits.

Usually. Much of a first quote is add-ons you don't need in year one, and deferred scope isn't accruing escalators. We'll tell you which pieces can wait and price the smaller version.

Yes — from public records, with the source document attached every time. We don't name an agency in anything we publish without their written sign-off, but the contracts themselves are public and you can pull them yourself.